Astrophysicists may have detected gravitational waves last week from the collision of two neutron stars in a distant galaxy—and telescopes trained on the same region might also have spotted the event. Rumours to that effect are spreading fast online, much to researchers’ excitement. Such a detection could mark a new era of astronomy: one in which phenomena are both seen by traditional telescopes and ‘heard’ as vibrations in the fabric of space-time. “It would be an incredible advance in our understanding,” says Stuart Shapiro, an astrophysicist at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Scientists who work at gravitational wave detectors won’t comment on the gossip because the data is still under analysis. Public records show that telescopes around the world have been looking at the same galaxy, but astronomers caution that they could have been picking up signals from an unrelated source. As researchers hunt for signals in their data, Nature explains what is known so far, and the possible implications of any discovery. What is the gossip? The US-based Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) has three times detected gravitational waves — ripples in the fabric of spacetime—emerging from colliding black holes. But scientists have been hoping to detect ripples from another cosmic cataclysm such as the merger of neutron stars, remnants of large stars that exploded but were not massive enough to collapse into a black hole. Such an event should also emit radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum—from radio waves to γ-rays—which telescopes might be able to pick up. On August 18, astronomer J. Craig Wheeler of the University of Texas at Austin began the public rumour-mill when he tweeted “New LIGO. Source with optical counterpart. Blow your sox off!” An hour later, astronomer Peter Yoachim, at the University of Washington in Seattle, tweeted that LIGO had seen a signal with an optical counterpart (i.e. something that telescopes could see) from the galaxy NGC 4993, which is around 40 million parsecs (130 million light years) distant in the southern constellation Hydra. “Merging neutron-neutron star is the initial call”, he followed up. Astronomers who do not want to be identified say that rumours had been privately circulating before Wheeler and Yoachim’s tweets. If gravitational-wave researchers saw a signal, it is plausible that they could know very quickly whether it emerged from colliding black holes or neutron stars as each type of event has its own signature, even though data must be studied carefully to be more precise about an event’s origin. It’s also possible that LIGO’s sister observatory Virgo in Pisa, Italy, which has been helping LIGO to hunt for gravitational waves since August, after a break for an upgrade, might have spotted the event. That would have given researchers more confidence about its source. (Virgo has an average sensitivity for neutron-star mergers of only 25-27 million parsecs, but in some regions of the sky it can see further, up to 60 million parsecs away, says physicist Giovanni Losurdo, who led the detector’s upgrade work). Both Wheeler and Yoachim declined to comment, and later Wheeler apologised on Twitter. “Right or wrong, I should not have sent that tweet. LIGO deserves to announce when they deem appropriate. Mea culpa,” he wrote. What about the telescope observations? Astronomers who do not want to be identified say that NASA’s Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope is rumoured to have spotted γ-rays emerging from the same region of sky as the potential gravitational-wave source—gossip which a senior Fermi member declined to comment on. That is consistent with expectations that neutron star collisions may be behind the enigmatic phenomena known as short γ-ray bursts (GRBs), which last a couple of seconds and are usually followed by an afterglow of visible light and sometimes radio waves and x-rays, lasting up to a few days. But even if the Fermi telescope has seen a GRB, it would not be able to pinpoint its origin with high precision, astronomers caution. But stronger evidence of telescopes turning to look at NGC 4993 after an alert soon emerged. On August 22, a Twitter feed called Space Telescope Live, which provides live updates of what the Hubble Space Telescope is looking at, suggested that a team of astronomers was looking at a binary neutron star merger using the probe’s on-board spectrograph, which is what astronomers would normally use to look at the afterglow of a short GRB. The Hubble tweet has since been deleted. On 23 August, a commenter on the blog of astrophysicist Peter Coles, of Cardiff University in the UK, noted that NASA’s Chandra X-ray observatory had jumped into the action, too. The Chandra website contains a public record of an observation made on 19 August. The telescope pointed at celestial coordinates within the galaxy NGC 4993, to observe an event called SGRB170817A—indicating ‘short GRB of 2017-August-17’. The most revealing part of the report is the “Trigger criteria”, which explains the reason for overriding any previously scheduled observation to turn the telescope in that direction. It says: “Gravitational wave source detected by aLIGO, VIRGO, or both.” Publicly available records from other major astronomy facilities—including the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope and the world’s premiere radio observatory, the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile—show that those also observed NGC 4993 on 18 and 19 August. What could we learn from a neutron-star merger? Gravitational-wave signals from black hole mergers are short—typically lasting a second or less. But a neutron-star merger could yield a signal that lasts up to a minute, because neutron stars are less massive than black holes, emit less powerful gravitational waves, and take longer to spiral into each other. Longer events enable much more precise tests of Albert Einstein’s general relativity, the theory that predicts gravitational waves—perhaps giving more clues to neutron star origins. The short GRB rumoured to have been seen by telescopes would be significant too—not least because if it is associated with gravitational waves, it would validate decades of astrophysical theorizing that GRBs are associated with neutron star collisions. “Only gravitational waves could give us the smoking gun,” says Eleonora Troja, an astrophysicist at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. Still, a short GRB would be an important discovery even by itself. Most such events are seen in the distant Universe, billions of parsecs away. NGC 4993, at 40 million parsecs away, would probably be the closest short GRB ever detected, says astrophysicist Derek Fox of Pennsylvania State University. Details of the gravitational waves at the time of the collision and in the following instants could also reveal information about the structure of neutron stars—which is largely unknown—and whether their merger resulted again in a neutron star or in the formation of a new black hole. When will we know? On 25 August, LIGO and Virgo end their current data-collecting run, but after that researchers will post only a “top-level update”, meaning a brief note indicating whether LIGO has picked up potential ‘candidate events’ that need further analysis, says David Shoemaker, a physicist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who is LIGO’s spokesperson. “It will take time to do justice to the data, and ensure that we publish things in which we have very high confidence,” he says. This article is reproduced with permission and was first published on August 24, 2017.
Rumours to that effect are spreading fast online, much to researchers’ excitement. Such a detection could mark a new era of astronomy: one in which phenomena are both seen by traditional telescopes and ‘heard’ as vibrations in the fabric of space-time. “It would be an incredible advance in our understanding,” says Stuart Shapiro, an astrophysicist at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Scientists who work at gravitational wave detectors won’t comment on the gossip because the data is still under analysis. Public records show that telescopes around the world have been looking at the same galaxy, but astronomers caution that they could have been picking up signals from an unrelated source.
As researchers hunt for signals in their data, Nature explains what is known so far, and the possible implications of any discovery.
What is the gossip?
The US-based Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) has three times detected gravitational waves — ripples in the fabric of spacetime—emerging from colliding black holes. But scientists have been hoping to detect ripples from another cosmic cataclysm such as the merger of neutron stars, remnants of large stars that exploded but were not massive enough to collapse into a black hole. Such an event should also emit radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum—from radio waves to γ-rays—which telescopes might be able to pick up.
On August 18, astronomer J. Craig Wheeler of the University of Texas at Austin began the public rumour-mill when he tweeted “New LIGO. Source with optical counterpart. Blow your sox off!” An hour later, astronomer Peter Yoachim, at the University of Washington in Seattle, tweeted that LIGO had seen a signal with an optical counterpart (i.e. something that telescopes could see) from the galaxy NGC 4993, which is around 40 million parsecs (130 million light years) distant in the southern constellation Hydra. “Merging neutron-neutron star is the initial call”, he followed up. Astronomers who do not want to be identified say that rumours had been privately circulating before Wheeler and Yoachim’s tweets.
If gravitational-wave researchers saw a signal, it is plausible that they could know very quickly whether it emerged from colliding black holes or neutron stars as each type of event has its own signature, even though data must be studied carefully to be more precise about an event’s origin.
It’s also possible that LIGO’s sister observatory Virgo in Pisa, Italy, which has been helping LIGO to hunt for gravitational waves since August, after a break for an upgrade, might have spotted the event. That would have given researchers more confidence about its source. (Virgo has an average sensitivity for neutron-star mergers of only 25-27 million parsecs, but in some regions of the sky it can see further, up to 60 million parsecs away, says physicist Giovanni Losurdo, who led the detector’s upgrade work).
Both Wheeler and Yoachim declined to comment, and later Wheeler apologised on Twitter. “Right or wrong, I should not have sent that tweet. LIGO deserves to announce when they deem appropriate. Mea culpa,” he wrote.
What about the telescope observations?
Astronomers who do not want to be identified say that NASA’s Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope is rumoured to have spotted γ-rays emerging from the same region of sky as the potential gravitational-wave source—gossip which a senior Fermi member declined to comment on.
That is consistent with expectations that neutron star collisions may be behind the enigmatic phenomena known as short γ-ray bursts (GRBs), which last a couple of seconds and are usually followed by an afterglow of visible light and sometimes radio waves and x-rays, lasting up to a few days. But even if the Fermi telescope has seen a GRB, it would not be able to pinpoint its origin with high precision, astronomers caution.
But stronger evidence of telescopes turning to look at NGC 4993 after an alert soon emerged. On August 22, a Twitter feed called Space Telescope Live, which provides live updates of what the Hubble Space Telescope is looking at, suggested that a team of astronomers was looking at a binary neutron star merger using the probe’s on-board spectrograph, which is what astronomers would normally use to look at the afterglow of a short GRB. The Hubble tweet has since been deleted.
On 23 August, a commenter on the blog of astrophysicist Peter Coles, of Cardiff University in the UK, noted that NASA’s Chandra X-ray observatory had jumped into the action, too. The Chandra website contains a public record of an observation made on 19 August. The telescope pointed at celestial coordinates within the galaxy NGC 4993, to observe an event called SGRB170817A—indicating ‘short GRB of 2017-August-17’. The most revealing part of the report is the “Trigger criteria”, which explains the reason for overriding any previously scheduled observation to turn the telescope in that direction. It says: “Gravitational wave source detected by aLIGO, VIRGO, or both.”
Publicly available records from other major astronomy facilities—including the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope and the world’s premiere radio observatory, the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile—show that those also observed NGC 4993 on 18 and 19 August.
What could we learn from a neutron-star merger?
Gravitational-wave signals from black hole mergers are short—typically lasting a second or less. But a neutron-star merger could yield a signal that lasts up to a minute, because neutron stars are less massive than black holes, emit less powerful gravitational waves, and take longer to spiral into each other. Longer events enable much more precise tests of Albert Einstein’s general relativity, the theory that predicts gravitational waves—perhaps giving more clues to neutron star origins.
The short GRB rumoured to have been seen by telescopes would be significant too—not least because if it is associated with gravitational waves, it would validate decades of astrophysical theorizing that GRBs are associated with neutron star collisions. “Only gravitational waves could give us the smoking gun,” says Eleonora Troja, an astrophysicist at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.
Still, a short GRB would be an important discovery even by itself. Most such events are seen in the distant Universe, billions of parsecs away. NGC 4993, at 40 million parsecs away, would probably be the closest short GRB ever detected, says astrophysicist Derek Fox of Pennsylvania State University.
Details of the gravitational waves at the time of the collision and in the following instants could also reveal information about the structure of neutron stars—which is largely unknown—and whether their merger resulted again in a neutron star or in the formation of a new black hole.
When will we know?
On 25 August, LIGO and Virgo end their current data-collecting run, but after that researchers will post only a “top-level update”, meaning a brief note indicating whether LIGO has picked up potential ‘candidate events’ that need further analysis, says David Shoemaker, a physicist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who is LIGO’s spokesperson.
“It will take time to do justice to the data, and ensure that we publish things in which we have very high confidence,” he says.
This article is reproduced with permission and was first published on August 24, 2017.
